Topical pain relief products · Product and exposure references · APA 7 Reviewed 23 October 2026 Aspercreme. (n.d.). What Aspercreme ingredients are all about. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://www.aspercreme.com/en-us/pain-management-hub/aspercreme-ingredients BENGAY. (n.d.). BENGAY 4% lidocaine tropical jasmine cream. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://www.bengay.com/products/lidocaine-tropical-jasmine-cream Brutcher, R. E., Kurihara, C., Bicket, M. C., Moussavian-Yousefi, P., Reece, D. E., Solomon, L. M., Griffith, S. R., Jamison, D. E., & Cohen, S. P. (2019). Compounded topical pain creams to treat localized chronic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(5), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-2736 Bryant Ranch Prepack. (2024, June 5). Lidocaine patch 5% [Prescribing information]. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1d28d687-695e-4cd9-97e2-7d4fdab9772a Church & Dwight Canada Corp. (n.d.-a). 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Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://ruba535.ca/product/muscle-joint-extra-strength-heat-cream/ Church & Dwight Canada Corp. (n.d.-g). RUB·A535: Muscle & Joint Maximum Strength Heat Cream. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://ruba535.ca/product/muscle-joint-maximum-strength-heat-cream/ Church & Dwight Canada Corp. (n.d.-h). RUB·A535: Muscle & Joint No Odour Extra Strength Cream. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://ruba535.ca/product/muscle-joint-no-odour-extra-strength-cream/ Church & Dwight Canada Corp. (n.d.-i). RUB·A535: Muscle & Joint No Odour Regular Strength Cream. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://ruba535.ca/product/muscle-joint-no-odour-regular-strength-cream/ Church & Dwight Canada Corp. (n.d.-j). RUB·A535: Muscle & Joint Regular Strength Heat Cream. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://ruba535.ca/product/muscle-joint-regular-strength-heat-cream/ Church & Dwight Canada Corp. (n.d.-k). RUB·A535: Sensitive Cream (formerly Natural Source Arnica page). 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VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the primary care management of chronic kidney disease (Version 5.0). https://healthquality.va.gov/HEALTHQUALITY/guidelines/CD/ckd/CKD-CPG_2025-Guideline_final_20250509.pdf Derry, S., Matthews, P. R. L., Wiffen, P. J., & Moore, R. A. (2014). Salicylate-containing rubefacients for acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014(11), Article CD007403. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007403.pub3 Dowling, T. C., Arjomand, M., Lin, E. T., Allen, L. V., Jr., & McPherson, M. L. (2004). Relative bioavailability of ketoprofen 20% in a poloxamer-lecithin organogel. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 61(23), 2541–2544. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/61.23.2541 Feldmann, R. J., & Maibach, H. I. (1967). Regional variation in percutaneous penetration of 14C cortisol in man. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 48(2), 181–183. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1967.29 Flouvat, B., Roux, A., & Delhotal-Landes, B. (1989). Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in man after repeated percutaneous administration. Arzneimittelforschung, 39(7), 812–815. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2783185/ Haleon Canada ULC. (2026a, April 10). Voltaren Emulgel: Diclofenac diethylamine gel, 11.6 mg/g (1.16% w/w) [Product monograph; includes Back & Muscle Pain, Joint Pain Regular Strength, and Active]. https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00084235.PDF Haleon Canada ULC. (2026b, March 30). Voltaren Emulgel Extra Strength and Voltaren Emulgel Joint Pain Extra Strength: Diclofenac diethylamine gel, 23.2 mg/g (2.32% w/w) [Product monograph]. https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00084171.PDF Haw Par Healthcare Limited. (n.d.-a). Tiger Balm Muscle & Tension Lotion. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://www.tigerbalm.com/ca/product/tiger-balm-muscle-and-tension-lotion/ Haw Par Healthcare Limited. (n.d.-b). Tiger Balm Pain Relieving Patch. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://www.tigerbalm.com/ca/product/tiger-balm-patch/ Haw Par Healthcare Limited. (n.d.-c). Tiger Balm Red Ointment. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://www.tigerbalm.com/ca/product/tiger-balm-red-ointment/ Haw Par Healthcare Limited. (n.d.-d). Tiger Balm Ultra Strength Ointment. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://www.tigerbalm.com/ca/product/tiger-balm-ultra-strength-ointment/ Haw Par Healthcare Limited. (n.d.-e). Tiger Balm White Ointment. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://www.tigerbalm.com/ca/product/tiger-balm-white-ointment/ Health Canada. (2017a, September 28). Licensed Natural Health Product Database data extract [Data set]. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/natural-non-prescription/applications-submissions/product-licensing/licensed-natural-health-product-database-data-extract.html Health Canada. (2017b, February 13). Summary safety review: Over-the-counter topical pain relievers containing menthol, methyl salicylate or capsaicin—Assessing the risk of serious skin burns. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medeffect-canada/safety-reviews/summary-safety-review-pain-relievers-containing-menthol-methyl-salicylate-capsaicin-risk-serious-skin-surns.html Health Canada. (n.d.-a). Absorbine Jr Extra Strength Liniment (DIN 01942271). Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info?code=41939&lang=eng Health Canada. (n.d.-b). Absorbine Jr Liniment (DIN 01942301). Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://dhpp.hpfb-dgpsa.ca/dhpp/resource/42113 Health Canada. (n.d.-c). Aspercreme · 10% (Stella) (DIN 00486884). Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info?code=4017&lang=eng Health Canada. (n.d.-d). Aspercreme · Creme Rub 10% (DIN 02074710). 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Deep Relief Ice Cold Pain Relief Gel (NPN 01914634). Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://health-products.canada.ca/lnhpd-bdpsnh/info?licence=01914634 Health Canada. (n.d.-k). Deep Relief Regular Strength Warming Heat Patch / Deep Relief Warming Heat Patch (NPN 80092251). Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://health-products.canada.ca/lnhpd-bdpsnh/info?licence=80092251 Health Canada. (n.d.-l). Myoflex product records (Exzell Pharma Inc.): Regular, Extra Strength, and Maximum Strength. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/search-fast-recherche-rapide?code=17355&lang=eng Health Canada. (n.d.-m). Zostrix HP (NPN 02004240). Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://health-products.canada.ca/lnhpd-bdpsnh/info?licence=02004240 Hisamitsu America, Inc. (n.d.-a). Product comparisons. Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://ca.hisamitsu/why-salonpas/pain-reliever-comparisons Hisamitsu America, Inc. (n.d.-b). Salonpas HOT. 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